Online Internet money making Home Based Jobs TIPS TRICKS

As long as you have the inclination, a little bit of expertise and some free time, you can earn some money on the Internet from the comfort of your own home. ET highlights some popular ways to make that quick extra buck:

Self publish books

If you love writing and want to get a book published, Amazon offers a free service called Kindle Direct Publishing. The service allows anyone to self publish books on the Kindle (electronic) bookstore and earn royalties from sales. There are two plans you can choose from — the 35% royalty works across any book sold in any country) while the 70% royalty plans works if you sell in a few select countries. Indian authors can choose to set prices specifically for the Indian bookstore and receive royalty payments in Indian currency as well.

Make & sell your apps

With so many smartphones and tablets, app development can be a very lucrative business. You can learn about developing apps online — there are various tutorials available for free. That's the easy part — the hard part is coming up with an idea that 'clicks'. Once you make an app, submit it to the respective app store, set a price and choose whether you want to earn from inapp advertising. Your earnings, after deducting the appropriate fees, will be paid monthly.

Sell your photos Online

Numerous stock websites like www.shutterstock. com, www.shutterpoint.com and www. istockphoto.com host photographs submitted by members. Depending on the site's policy, you can earn between a 15 to 85% royalty on each sale. The better the quality of photos and the larger your online portfolio, the more you will sell. Usually, each photograph you want to upload will have to be 'selected' by them first — and they usually have strict requirements of what can or cannot go on sale.

Sell old stuff online

An easy way to earn some money on the Internet is by selling old stuff that you have around the house. Websites like www.olx.in, www.quickr.com & http://craigslist.co.in provide a free classifieds platform. You need to create an account, enter the product details, location, the expected price along with some photographs — listing usually go live within a couple of hours. Interested buyers can directly contact you and finalise the sale.

Start an online shop

With some creativity, you can learn to make handicrafts or if you know a wholesale dealer, purchase unique things at low prices. Once you have some stock ready, you can set up an online shop to sell these goods on sites like www.ebay.in or www.indiebazaar.com.

Both sites have a simple signup process. After you get verified as a seller, they provide you with a step-by-step wizard to set your online store (how to add photos & details of items you want to sell).

Work online for money

The internet is full of bogus companies that promise to pay you for work but never will. For instance, all places that offer money to fill surveys or those that require payment up front are scammers. Two popular & reliable places to find work are www. odesk.com and www.elance.com.

Both have a similar system: set up a profile and take tests to prove your proficiency in certain areas. Once done, you'll be listed as a contractor/freelancer and people can hire you for an hourly rate. You can get paid more by working hard, getting better at what you do and getting good feedback (ratings) from your clients.

E-Tutoring

If you are fluent in any subject and have some tutoring experience, you can sign up on websites like www.2tion.net or www.tutorvista.com as an online tutor. The sites require you to create a tutor profile with details such as the subjects in which you are fluent, what classes/courses you want to teach, your experience level, preferred timings for tutions and the remuneration expected.

After verification, the site lists your profile on their portal where interested students can connect with you for tuitions. You can opt for virtual workspaces with built in teaching aids like live chat and collaborative whiteboards. Once you get better at tutoring, you can increase your monthly earnings by teaching multiple students simultaneously.

Earn from Advertising

A reliable way to earn money is from Google AdSense on your blog/website or ads on your YouTube channel. To get started, create a Google AdSense account at www. google.com/adsense. You can use the same account with your blog, website or YouTube channel. To maximise earnings from your blog or website, your objective needs to be to get the maximum number of visitors possible.

Write about what you know and what you're passionate about. On YouTube, make sure that your videos are original and interesting. Promote your channel to get more views. Apart from views, your objective should also be to get more people to like/favourite your video and to subscribe to your channel. The build up will be slow and Google only makes payments once your balance crosses $100, so don't get disheartened. Persistent efforts pay off in the long run.

Source From : Hitesh Raj Bhagat & Karan Bajaj, ET Bureau Oct 1, 2012, 01.38PM IST

Award winner Tamil Movie in Canon 5d Mark II

As Vazhakku Enn: 18/9 gears up for a May 4 release, its cinematographer Vijay Milton shares interesting titbits about the film

A young mother brings her son to school, buys him short-eats from the vendor at the gate, waves to the boy and walks out. The father seated on a two-wheeler, a little farther away, watches the happenings without the mother's knowledge … By the time those around realise that a film shoot is on, the cast and crew move out! “We've filmed several such guerrilla shots, as they are called, for Vazhakku Enn: 18/9. Our entry and exits were unannounced and without fanfare. So none could guess a dream factory was on the job. The camera was hidden in places such as a push cart, and the crew had headphones to communicate with each other,” laughs Vijay Milton, the cinematographer of Vazhakku Enn…, which releases on May 4.

“Balaji Sakthivel is a very honest director. You understand what I mean?” continues Milton. I don't. “See, he prefers actors to be as natural as possible before the camera, and instructs me to capture them in their myriad moods. So I place two or three cameras around to film all the nuances. And he doesn't insist that his dialogue be used verbatim. Instead actors are allowed to improvise. ‘Everything about our film should be an honest representation,' is his stand,” Milton explains. “And he'll not thrust a scene into the film for the sake of formula. An irrelevant song sequence or an unwarranted comic act never finds its way into a Sakthivel film.” Milton should know. The camera ace has travelled with Sakthivel even earlier for Samurai and Kaadhal.

But why wasn't he part of Sakthivel's Kalloori, which followed Kaadhal? “Because I had just then begun my first directorial venture, Azhagaai Irukkiraai Bayamaai Irukkiradhu. But now Vazhakku Enn… has brought us together again,” he says. “A director is like a match box, and the other technicians, like matchsticks. Unless the box is capable of striking the match, the stick can do little on its own.” So Sakthivel is a perfect matchbox? “Ha Ha! He is,” he guffaws.

Is Milton a poet too? His simile makes me think so; and probably it also has to do with his name. “I am,” he says. Milton's collection of poems in Tamil, ‘Kolusugal Paesakkoodum,' is quite popular among young romantics. “Yeah, the sale of my book increases during the Valentine season,” he chuckles.

Milton had filmed Kaadhal entirely in natural lighting, and it won him plaudits from none other than Balu Mahendra! “‘Vijay Milton is my heir in cinematography,' he had said in an interview. The words mean a lot to me,” he says.

Vazhakku Enn … has taken an unbelievably long time to be completed – nearly four years. “Finding suitable faces was a major reason,” Milton attempts to justify. “The actual shoot took only 53 days.”

“We filmed it without lights then, what do you have up your sleeve now,” Milton asked Balaji, before they began work on Vazhakku Enn … “‘Let's take filming to the next level. We'll shoot without a camera,' he said. I was foxed,” Milton smiles. A mention in The Hindu about the Canon 5D still camera made the two curious. Milton tested it extensively using a lens-mount and professional movie lenses to upgrade it and found the output incredible,” he says.

Each director is different, and hence for the cameraperson, work-spot experiences are bound to be different too. “Sure, adaptability is imperative. One director may believe in larger-than-life images, the other could prefer subtlety. But more than anything else, a cinematographer shouldn't allow himself to get carried away. His shots should go with the story, not away from it.” Meaning? “For example, if a lens man is shooting a sober scene and sees a tree in full bloom near the spot, he may wish to include it, though it doesn't go with the mood of the scene. He should curb such instincts,” he says.

Vazhakku Enn … is Milton's 22 film. Arulnidhi's Udhayan was his last release. As it didn't create a ripple at the box office, Milton's work went unnoticed. Vana Yuddham and Eppadi Manasukkul Vandhaai are two other projects for which Milton has cranked the camera. “They should be out in a month or two,” he says. Meanwhile, he's hopeful that Vazhakku Enn: 18/9 will repeat the magic of the Sakthivel-Milton combo, Kaadhal.

Indian Movies shot on Canon 5D / 7D

Dongala Muta 

Vazhakku Enn 18/9  [Premalo padithe..]

Stanley Ka Dabba 

Ragini MMS 

Not a Love story 

That Girl in Yellow Boots

Act of Valor

Department
Ee rojullo 
Oka Romantic crime katha 

Sanikizhamai Sayankalam 5.30 Mani – Tamil

Under Production:

Busstop
Uday Kiran's Jai Sriram
Mr.7

Tips to Shooting a Feature Film on the Canon 5D Mark II

The Canon 5D MarkII was the first DSLR that offered HD video capture capability worth considering as a replacement for film.  Its full sized sensor, full resolution 1080p recording, and high quality 40Mb AVCHD compression differentiated it from all competitors  I have experimented with many of the other DSLR options on the market, but most of the projects I have worked on for the last year have been shot with the Canon 5D, so the majority of my experience and workflow expertise has been with that particular camera, most of which I will try to share here.  The workflow has improved greatly as the tools have become further developed over the course of the last year.  While the most glaringly obvious issue was that the 5D only shot 30fps, that was acceptable for certain workflows, especially if the 5D was the only camera on a project.

A much larger issue was the fact that the camera did not give the user manual control over certain important settings while in video mode, including aperture, shutter speed, and ISO level.  The settings could not be specifically dialed in, but any setting brought about through the automatic feature could be paused or locked for the duration of the next shot.  Having three variables all changing made it nearly impossible to trick the camera’s auto-exposure system into giving you the settings you wanted with any level of consistency.  The easiest setting to over-ride was aperture, since this was on the lense.  By preventing the camera from commuicating with the lense, the automatic feature could be disabled.  But with no electronic communication to the lense, the aperture must be set physically.  Older Nikon Nikkor manual lenses were the only ones that easily adapted to the 5D, that had physical rings for controlling the aperture manually.  Once the aperture was set, the standard practice was to point the camera at lighter or darker areas until the automatic exposure feature gave the user the desired settings, and then to lock it.  This process had to be repeated for each take or shot, as stopping record put the camera back into full auto.  Regardless, many people used this method of manipulating the camera to achieve the desired results for the first few months after its release, and I worked on a number of commercial projects that did.  Canon was not real excited about promoting the use of Nikon glass over its own lenses, so this was one of the first issues they fixed.  The 1.1.0 firmware update solved this problem by allowing the user to maunally set the aperture, shutter speed, and ISO, and keep it consistent from shot to shot.

So once the lenses issue was dealt with, were left with a selection of AVCHD encoded MOV files.  AVCHD is a processing intensive format that does not playback or edit very well.  While Quicktime would play the files, it clipped the blacks and the whites at incorrect levels.  16 and 235 were being stretched to 0 and 255 on decode, lowering the dynamic range.  This was caused by Quicktime incorrectly interpreting one of the header fields on the file.  The solution to this was to use CoreAVC to decode the files when converting into a different, and ideally more edit friendly, compression format.  Shortly after this workaround was developed, Apple released a Quicktime update (7.6) that fixed this particular issue entirely.

Beyond the clipping issue, there are other tricks to maximize the dynamic range of the 5D.  The picture style is used to control the way that the camera converts the 14bit RAW still into an 8-bit JPEG.  The same picture profile settings are applied to the 8-bit recorded video.  This allows you to do things to get the maximum detail out of the available 8-bits of color depth.  The first few projects I worked on that used the 5D, we used a custom picture profile that I got from Stu Maschwitz’s ProLost blog, High Gamma 5.  We did a number of comparison tests, and while High Gamma 5 gave us a wider total dynamic range, for our feature film, we eventually decided to use Neutral, one of the default Canon presets.  Neutral gave us a file that was closer to the final look we were going for, and with only 8bits of color depth, burning in your look, at least to a degree, should result in better picture quality at the end of the day.

Every file the camera records is named MVI_####.mov, with an auto-incrementing number, and no real override options.  That makes things simple on tiny projects, with one camera since each file has a unique name.  On larger projects, and ones that use more that one camera, (We usually have 15) file management can be a bit more work, to keep things straight throughout the post production process.  Our solution was to rename each MOV file with a unique 8 digit identifier as the new filename, and store the key to the original card and filename in a database.  This allows each clip to have a consistent name throughout the process, to show up on EDLs as a tape name or clip name as desired, without truncating unique values after the 8th digit for certain formats.  By the time we are done ,we usually have a source MOV, an Avid MXF, and an online Cineform AVI, all with the same content and file name.

Next up was the framerate problem, at 30p.  The first few projects I did with 5D we posted at 29.97, so the issue was solved with a simple reinterpretation of the framerate, when converting from the source AVCHD into an editing codec, and tweaking the audio .1% to match.  Unfortunately 29.97 footage doesn’t intercut with film very well, and won’t print back for theatrical masters either, so sometimes a 24p workflow is required.  For 24p projects, the conversion solution is much more complicated, involving motion compensated frame blending.  After extensive testing we concluded that this was best done with the Revision Effects Twixtor plugin for AE, or using Optical Flow in FCS Compressor on OSX.  Having a PC centered workflow, I favor the AE based solution.  With render times at around an hour per minute of source footage, it is impractical to convert all of the source footage on large projects, which necessitates an offline edit.  Since we don’t have timecode and keycode, relinking for the online requires a bit more creativity.  We have found some interesting options that are unique to Premiere Pro CS4, related to the way it links EDLs to existing source footage that make this much simpler than our first tedious tests, which involved manually rebuilding projects at 24p back in Premiere Pro CS3.  The new CS4 version can convert the TC-In on an EDL to a framecounted In-point of an existing media file, with makes the onlining of 5D footage a relatively simple automatic process after a few find-replace edits (.mov to .avi in our case) to the EDL.  In the future, it looks like Canon is going to support 24p recording on all of their DSLR offerings, so all of these crazy 30p workarounds will soon be an obselete thing of the past.

Although it is much better in rough environments than most other electronics, Canon DSLRs do have their weaknesses.  I have operated a 5D in temperatures of 20 below zero, and in the desert at over 120 degrees fahrenheit.  While we had no issues in the cold, where solid state recording has a huge advantage over tape, there are some issues at higher temperatures.  The camera sensor itself is a large piece of silicon, that generates a lot of heat on its own, and when combined with a high external temperature, in the worst cases is shuts off the camera.  You probably have to be over 150 degrees to get to that point, leaving the camera in a black metal box in direct sunlight for an extended period of time, but we have seen it happen.  A much more frequent problem, that is harder to detect, is that as the sensor begins to overheat, there will be much more video noise in the recorded picture, especially in the darks.  This is probably due to a higher latent voltage on the chip as its electrical resistance changes with the temperature increase.  This has only been a problem for us when shooting with the same camera for many hours in a hot environment, and our solution is usually just to swap the camera bodies for one that has not been used in a while.  This obviously requires having multiple cameras on set, which isn’t always an option on lower budget projects.

The last issue, that we are still finding new ways to deal with, is rolling shutter.  Having a large format CMOS sensor, DSLRs are subject to rolling shutter, or inconsistencies between the top and bottom of the frame.  I have spent the last few months working on a project that put the 5D into some of the most intense situations.  As a fairly lightweight device, it is subject to more jitter and shake than a larger camera with more inertia, and with the camera moving, the rolling shutter results in the recorded picture being slightly geometrically skewed, depending on the direction of the motion.  We also shoot high speed objects, like helicopter rotor blades, which are known to cause strange artifacts in certain instances.  So far we have been lucky with that, and haven’t found any of those types of issues in our footage.

The type of rolling shutter artifact we are struggling with the most, is gunfire muzzle flashes, especially at night.  In the dark, the flash blows out the imager, but the flash does not last as long as even a single frame.  So with the rolling shutter, the top half of a frame will be totally blown out, with the bottom part looking normal, because the flash had subsided by the time that part of the chip was sampled, or vice versa.  Setting the shutter speed lower than the frame rate causes it to screw up more of the frame or frames, and setting it higher causes it to narrow the flash into a distinct horizontal band in the footage, neither of which is desirable.  One thing we have found that helps is setting the shutter on the 5D to 1/30th.  (We usually set it to 1/50 to get similar motion plur to film shot with a 180 degree shutter)  With the 30p framerate, the flash either affects an entire frame, or matching parts on two subsequent frames.  (Bottom part of one frame, and the reverse area on the top of the next one)  This gives us an entire over exposed frame if we stitch the two parts together.  This can be hand cut back into footage that has been brought from 30p to 24p by manually selecting frames.  It remains to be seen if this solution can be scaled practically to our entire movie.  The best way to avoid this issue is to avoid recording gunfire at close range in very dark environments.  The farther you are from the muzzle flash, and the more ambient light there is, the less it is going to flare out your camera, minimizing the degree of the resulting rolling shutter artifact.

So that should convey some of the challenges are in faced in using DSLRs for filmmaking, especially on large scale projects, but it is by no means an exhaustive list.  As the tools evolve to suit the cameras, and the cameras evolve to suit the tools, many of these issues will become much easier to solve and require fewer workarounds.  The AVCHD decoding issue was solved by a new release of Quicktime, the manual lense control was solved with a new firmware release from Canon.  The 30p conversion process is the next issue I see becoming a thing of the past, if Canon can get a 24p recording option onto the 5D.  I am looking forward to that day, but in the mean time I have 2TB of 30p footage, divided into 5,000 shots, to cut into a 24p film, so I have a lot of work ahead of me.

Posted by Mike McCarthy on November 4th, 2009 filed in Product Reviews, Workflow Ideas

http://www.hd4pc.com/techblog/2009/11/04/shooting-with-the-canon-5d/

Canon 5D Mark II Tricks tips

Setting up your Canon 5D MKII (and MKIII etc.)

http://blog.vincentlaforet.com/2012/03/12/setting-up-your-canon-5d-mkii-and-mkiii/

A month ago I decided to put this piece on the ideal way to set up your Canon 5D MKII for video.    I had an inclination that the release of the 5D MKIII was imminent – but these settings and principles behind them (although the menus will change) will more than likely apply just as well to that camera.  These settings also apply to all Canon HDSLRs as well.  I make sure to set up all of my cameras to the exact same picture profile and settings at the start of any shoot (and to ensure that the color temperature settings and exposure setting are identical as well) during multi-cam shoots.
The 5D MKII came out nearly 4 years ago – but this is still one of the single most common questions I get to this day as new people are continually entering the HDSLR world.  I also find that many professionals aren’t aware of many of these settings themselves and I thought: "Better late than never."    So here are the settings that I have used with the Canon 5D MKII – and a comparison between the standard picture profile, the profile I recommend, and the Technicolor profile with some examples on grading.   (INFO on where to download the Technicolor profile – instructions on how to install from Technicolor and LUT buddy.)
You should see the picture style settings as a starting point that works for almost all circumstances.  Personally I almost never stray from the settings myself.   However you should feel free to change the contrast and saturation settings for certain situations – but never the sharpness in my opinion (you always want to keep that all the way down to give you the most filmic results.)    These settings are meant to work well for web, broadcast televisions and motion pictures – but will require grading (color correction) to add saturation and contrast back in.   The idea is to capture the flattest image possible with the most amount of detail and range of exposure possible.  Given that the Canon 5Ds compress the video image (it’s not capturing RAW) – you need to make sure you don’t crush the blacks or blow out the highlights as you won’t be able to correct for that in post.    You can always add contrast and saturation back to an image in post- doing the opposite is significantly more difficult especially off of the compressed file that the Canon 5Ds produce.
Here are written instructions and commentary for setting up your camera:
First – set your camera to Manual.
Go into Menus.  Scroll over to the second icon that looks like a wrench.  From there go into the Live View Menu, make sure to choose "Movie+Stills" and also make sure that you have selected "Movie Display."  This enables your live view for video recording.
Next scroll down to the "Movie Record Size" and make sure you have this set to "1920×1080 24p."  Now you are recording your movies in full HD at a digital frame rate most similar to that of film.
Next enter the camera settings menu (the orange icon that looks like a camera) and scroll down to the image menu.  The third setting within this menu is called "Highlight Tone Priority."  Make sure to disable this.  With HTP enabled, your camera only goes down to an ISO of 200, and you will want the option of shooting at those lower, additional ISO’s.  Check out this thread at Cinema 5D for some great examples on how HTP affects your image.
While shooting you will want to shoot at multiples of ISO 160 (only available if Highlight Tone Priority is disabled) or the closest available number (as 1250 is not a multiple of 160, but the closest there is to 1280).  I recommend this is because the 5D mk II uses digital noise to step between ISO’s.  Technically, the camera is native on the ISO’s that are multiples of 100.  For the ISO’s in-between, the camera digitally pushes or pulls one of these native ISO’s.  For instance, ISO 125 is really ISO 100 with a digital exposure push, and ISO 160 is really ISO 200 with a digital exposure pull.  As a result, 160 and its multiples look the "cleanest" because its really a native ISO rating with the exposure pulled down, which hides more of the digital noise.
Keep your shutter speed at 50.  This best approximates the shutter of a film camera – which is 180 degrees.  Each time you shoot a frame with a  film camera, the shutter makes one full rotation.  So if you are shooting a standard 24 frames per second, then a 180 degree shutter is covering the film plane for half of that amount of time – or 1/48th of a second.  A shutter speed of 50 means that the DSLR’s shutter is staying open for 1/50th of a second, which is as close as possible as we can get to 1/48th of a second on these cameras.  This will help your images maintain the approximate look of film because motion (and motion blur) will be recorded similarly.
Next we are going to set our picture profile to settings that I recommend.  Go back to your menu and go to the second red icon that looks like a camera.  Scroll down to picture style and enter that sub-menu.  Here you will see a number of pre-set picture styles (including "Standard" which is demoed in the above video).  Skip there and go down to "User Def. 1" and press "info" to edit the profile.   You can then set the picture style to "Neutral" (this isn’t necessary, but will take care of the next step for you).  Make sure that "Sharpness" is turned all the way down.  Set "Contrast" to a setting of "-4," and "Saturation" to a setting of "-2."  Reducing these settings will give you flatter image with more latitude and more room to work/grade in post.  The flatter image will be harder to focus, which is why I also recommend the Zacuto Z-Finder to assist in shooting off the back LCD.
And there you go – now your 5D is set up to  best capture video.  Happy shooting.

Cinemascope 2.35:1 Film Ratio Crop Marks PNG for premiere HD

Cinemascope 2.35:1 croplines film making

Canon 5d Mark II Setup

for night shoot without any noise..

●     Use Maximum ISO 1600

●     Shutter Speed 1/30s or 1/50s

●     Aperture f1.2 - f5.6

●     Picture style = user defined no contrast

Story Board Sheet Sample - A4 size Film Making tips

Story Board Sheet

Camera Angle Tips Video Production

Film Techniques

Film techniques is the term used to describe the ways that meaning is created in film.

Camera Shots

A camera shot is the amount of space that is seen in one shot or frame. Camera shots are used to demonstrate different aspects of a film's setting, characters and themes. As a result, camera shots are very important in shaping meaning in a film. Reviewing the examples on the right hand side of this page should make the different camera shots clearer.
An extreme long shot (animation on right) contains a large amount of landscape. It is often used at the beginning of a scene or a film to establish general location (setting). This is also known as an establishing shot.
A long shot (animation on right) contains landscape but gives the viewer a more specific idea of setting. A long shot may show the viewers the building where the action will take place.
A full shot (animation on right) contains a complete view of the characters. From this shot, viewers can take in the costumes of characters and may also help to demonstrate the relationships between characters. For more information on costumes and acting refer to Chapter 4.
A mid shot (animation on right) contains the characters or a character from the waist up. From this shot, viewers can see the characters' faces more clearly as well as their interaction with other characters. This is also known as a social shot
A close-up (animation on right) contains just one character's face. This enables viewers to understand the actor's emotions and also allows them to feel empathy for the character. This is also known as a personal shot.
An extreme close-up (animation on right) contains one part of a character's face or other object. This technique is quite common in horror films, particularly the example above. This type of shot creates an intense mood and provides interaction between the audience and the viewer.
When analysing a film you should always think about the different camera shots and why they are being used. The next time that you are at the cinema or watching television see what camera shots are being used.
Important: These camera shots are used in all forms of visual texts including postcards, posters and print advertisements.

Camera angles

It is important that you do not confuse camera angles and camera shots. Camera shots are used to demonstrate different aspects of setting, themes and characters. Camera angles are used to position the viewer so that they can understand the relationships between the characters. These are very important for shaping meaning in film as well as in other visual texts.
The following examples will help you to understand the differences between the different camera angles
A bird's eye angle (animation on right) is an angle that looks directly down upon a scene. This angle is often used as an establishing angle, along with an extreme long shot, to establish setting.
A high angle (animation on right) is a camera angle that looks down upon a subject. A character shot with a high angle will look vulnerable or small. These angles are often used to demonstrate to the audience a perspective of a particular character. The example above demonstrates to us the perspective or point of view of a vampire. As a viewer we can understand that the vampire feels powerful.
An eye-level angle (animation on right) puts the audience on an equal footing with the character/s. This is the most commonly used angle in most films as it allows the viewers to feel comfortable with the characters.
A low angle (animation on right) is a camera angle that looks up at a character. This is the opposite of a high angle and makes a character look more powerful. This can make the audience feel vulnerable and small by looking up at the character. This can help the responder feel empathy if they are viewing the frame from another character's point of view.
As with camera shots, you will be able to see many examples of camera angles in any film or visual text that you view. The next time that you watch television or see a film, take note of the camera angles and think of how they affect your perception (idea) of different characters.
Another camera angle that you might come across is a Dutch angle.
A Dutch angle (animation on right) is used to demonstrate the confusion of a character. The example above should disorientate you.

Camera movement

Composers of films also use camera movement to shape meaning. The following are some examples of common camera movements and how they can be used to shape meaning in films.
A crane shot (animation on right) is often used by composers of films to signify the end of a film or scene. The effect is achieved by the camera being put on a crane that can move upwards
A tracking shot and a dolly shot (animation on right) have the same effect. A tracking shot moves on tracks and a dolly shot is mounted on a trolley to achieve the effect in the example above. This camera movement is used in a number of ways but is most commonly used to explore a room such as a restaurant. By using a tracking shot or a dolly shot the composer of a film gives the viewer a detailed tour of a situation. It can also be used to follow a character.
Panning (animation on right) is used to give the viewer a panoramic view of a set or setting. This can be used to establish a scene

Others

An Evangelion shot (animation on right) is derived from the popular anime series 'Neon Genesis Evangelion'. This camera movement begins as an extreme close-up and zooms out abruptly, creating a blurring effect to emphasise the speed and size of the object

Lighting

Lighting is a very important aspect for shaping meaning in films. What kind of atmosphere is created in a room lit by candles? Have you ever heard of mood lighting? A room that is brightly lit by neon lights might seem to be sterile or a shadowy room might be eerie or scary. The lighting technicians in a film crew have the task of creating lighting to suit the mood and atmosphere of each scene in a film.
Consider the animations Lighting example one, Lighting example two, Lighting example three and think about what type of atmosphere is created in each.
For each example, do you think the lighting suits the characters in the frames? For instance, in Example Three the two people are very happy and the scene is lit brightly. What would be the effect on the atmosphere if the lighting were dark and shadowy, similar to Example Two?
Remember that lighting is used in still image visual texts as well as in films.

Cinematography

Cinematography is the combination of the techniques described in this chapter. This includes camera shots, camera angles, camera movement and lighting. Use the term cinematography to group all of these together, for example, 'The cinematography in that film was exceptional.'

Mise en Scene

Mise en scene refers to all the objects and characters in a particular frame. More specifically, it refers to the composition of the frame. When you use the term mise en scene, you are discussing where the composer or director has placed all the elements of the scene within the frame.

BIOGAS - GOBBER GAS

Biogas—also known as biomethane, swamp gas, landfill gas, or digester gas—is the gaseous product of anaerobic digestion (decomposition without oxygen) of organic matter. In addition to providing electricity and heat, biogas is useful as a vehicle fuel. When processed to purity standards, biogas is called renewable natural gas and can substitute for natural gas as an alternative fuel for natural gas vehicles.

Biogas is usually 50% to 80% methane and 20% to 50% carbon dioxide with traces of gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. In contrast, natural gas is usually more than 70% methane with most of the rest being other hydrocarbons (such as propane and butane) and traces of carbon dioxide and other contaminants.

More than half the gas used in Sweden's 11,500 natural gas vehicles is biogas. Germany and Austria are targeting 20% biogas in natural gas vehicle fuel. In the United States, biogas vehicle activities have been on a smaller scale.

Production

Biogas is a product of decomposing organic matter, such as sewage, animal byproducts, and agricultural, industrial, and municipal solid waste. Biogas must be upgraded to a purity standard to fuel vehicles and be distributed via the existing natural gas grid.

Biogas from Landfills

Landfills are the third-largest source of human-related methane emissions in the United States. Methane can be captured from landfills and used to produce biogas. Methane gas collection is practical for landfills at least 40 feet deep with at least 1 million tons of waste.

Find examples of landfills using biogas for vehicle fuel from the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County.

 

Biogas from Livestock Operations

Biogas recovery systems at livestock operations caewable energy in cost-effective ways. Animal manure can be collected and delivered to an anaerobic digester to stabilize and optimize methane production. The resulting biogas can be used to fuel natural gas vehicles.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates 8,200 U.S. dairy and swine operations could support biogas recovery systems with the potential to generate more than 13 million megawatt-hours and displace about 1,670 megawatts of fossil fuel-fired generation collectively per year. Biogas recovery systems are also feasible at some poultry operations.

An example of converting livestock manure to biogas to fuel vehicles is the Western United Resource Development project.

Distribution

After biogas is produced, it must be refined for pipeline distribution to use as a vehicle fuel. Refining biogas means increasing the proportion of methane and decreasing the proportion of carbon dioxide and contaminants through absorption, adsorption, membrane separation, or cryogenic separation.

Renewable natural gas can be distributed via existing natural gas distribution routes. Because these technologies are not developed and tested fully yet, distributing renewable natural gas via the pipeline grid is not common practice.

Benefits

Biogas can be an alternative to conventional transportation fuels. The benefits of biogas are similar to the benefits of natural gas. Additional benefits include:

Increased Energy Security—Biogas offsets non-renewable resources, such as coal, oil, and fossil fuel-derived natural gas. Producing biogas creates U.S. jobs and benefits local economies.

Fewer Emissions—Biogas reduces emissions by preventing methane release in the atmosphere. Methane is 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas.

Better Economics—Biogas reduces the cost of complying with EPA combustion requirements for landfill gas.

Cleaner Environment—Producing biogas through anaerobic digestion reduces landfill waste and odors, produces nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer, and requires less land than aerobic composting.

Research and Development

Research and development efforts are reducing the costs of biogas production and purification, producing higher-quality natural gas from biogas, and evaluating the performance of biogas-fueled vehicles. Some federal and state programs assist in these efforts, including EPA's Landfill Methane Outreach Program and AgSTAR Program. Learn more about landfill gas research and development projects from the Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum.

Biogas can provide a clean, easily controlled source of renewable energy from organic waste materials for a small labour input, replacing firewoood or fossil fuels (which are becoming more expensive as supply falls behind demand). During the conversion process pathogen levels are reduced and plant nutrients made more readily available, so better crops can be grown while existing resources are conserved.

Since small scale units can be relatively simple to build and operate biogas should be used directly if possible (for cooking, heating, lighting and absorption refrigeration), since both electricity generation and compression of gas (for storage or use in vehicles) use large amounts of energy for a small output of useful energy. This concept is suited to "distributed" systems where waste is treated near the source, and sludge is also reused locally, to minimise transport and initial capital cost compared to a "centralised" system. As the distributed system will need a support network biogas contributes to the "triple bottom line"; benefiting the environment, reducing costs and contributing to the social structure.

Basic Biogas provides some introductory material, the Safety page provides some important information, Science Fair Projects and the Poly Digester pages give ideas about smaller projects and Anaerobic Digestion gives a bit more detail and information about larger projects. If you still have unanswered questions the volunteer members of the Expert Panel will try to assist.There are also more links here.

There is a Biogas Course in Germany in September (presented in English) or you can look at an Introductory Biogas Online Course.

You may like to visit the Biogas Wiki, which includes a list of National/Regional Associations. If you want to add information related to biogas the wiki is easy to edit with a menu like in Word! Note that you will have to join Wikispaces, for free, and request membership if you want to contribute more than Comments.

வெள்ளாடு வளர்ப்பு

திட்டமிட்டு வெள்ளாடு வளர்க்கத் தொடங்குபவருக்கு, விலங்கினங்கள் மீது ஒரு பாசமும், ஆர்வமும் இருக்க வேண்டும். இது ஓர் அடிப்படைத் தேவை எனலாம். வெள்ளாடுகள் நம்மைப்போல் உயிருள்ளவை. ஆகவே, அவற்றின் மீது அக்கறை காட்டினால்தான் அவை சிறக்கும். அதக் காரணமாக அதிக வருவாய் பெற முடியும். அடுத்து, அதிக அளவில் நல்ல முறையில் வெள்ளாடு வளர்ப்பவருக்குத் தேவையான நிலமும், முதலீடும் தேவை. அடுத்தபடியாக ஓரளவு வெள்ளாட்டுப்பால் விற்பனைக்கும் ஏற்பாடு செய்து கொள்ளுவது நல்லது. ஏனெனில் இறைச்சிக்காக ஆடுகள் விற்பது எளிதானது. ஆனால், ஆட்டுப்பால் விற்பனை செய்ய சிறப்பான விளம்பரம் தேவை.
நல்ல பண்ணை அமைய நல்ல தரமான ஆடுகள் தேவை. நமது இன்றைய இறைச்சித் தேவை கருதி இறைச்சிக்கான வெள்ளாடுகள் வளர்ப்பதே சிறந்தது. நமது நாட்டு ஆடுகள் நல்ல இறைச்சி வழங்குபவை. ஆனால் வளர்ச்சி வீதம் குறைவு. அத்துடன் கொடுக்கும் பால் அளவு குறைவு. ஆகவே இவ்விரு குணநலன்களைக் கூட்ட, நாட்டு ஆடுகளை நம் நாட்டின் சிறந்த இனங்களுடன் இணைத்துக் கலப்பின உற்பத்தி செய்து வளர்க்கலாம்.

எளிதானது. ஆனால், ஆட்டுப்பால் விற்பனை செய்ய சிறப்பான விளம்பரம் தேவை. இது குறித்து இனச்சேர்க்கை என்னும் பகுதியில் விரிவாக விவாதிக்கலாம்.

வெள்ளாடுகள் வாங்கும் போது கவனிக்க வேண்டியவை

1. இளம் ஆடுகளையே வாங்க வேண்டும். நல்ல ஆடுகள் பத்து ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பலன் கொடுக்கும். இளம் ஆடுகளைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப் பல் பார்த்து வாங்க வேண்டும். பல் அடிப்படையில் வயது நிர்ணயிப்பது.

3 மாத வயது வரை — பால் பல்
1 1/2 வயது வரை — 2 பல்
2 வயது வரை — 4 பல்
3 வயது வரை — 6 பல்
4 வயது வரை — 8 பல்

வெள்ளாட்டுக் குட்டிகள் பிறக்கும் போதே, முன் தாடையில் ஆறு வெட்டும் பற்கள் இருக்கும். ஆனால் கன்றுகளுக்கு இரண்டு பற்கள் மட்டுமே உண்டு.

இரண்டு பல் வயதுள்ள ஆடுகளைத் தேர்ந்தெடுப்பதே சிறந்ததாகும்.

2. ஆடுகளை வாரச் சந்தையில் வாங்குவதைவிச் சிறந்த பண்ணைகளிலிருந்து வாங்குவது நல்லது. அதுவும் நோய்த் தாக்குதல் அறடற பண்ணைகளிலிருந்து வாங்குவது நல்லது. அருகே பண்ணைகள் இல்லாத சூழ்நிலையில் சில ஆடு வளர்ப்பவர்களிடம் வாங்கிச் சேர்க்கலாம்.
3. பல குட்டிகள் போடும் ஆடுகளைத் தேர்ந்தெடுப்பது நல்லது. தாய் ஆடு, 3-4 குட்டிகள் போட்டால், அதன் பெண் குட்டியும் அவ்வாறே பல குட்டிகள் ஈனும். தமிழ் நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகளிலும் 3-4 குட்டிகள் ஈனும் ஆடுகளை வளர்ப்போர் சில ஊர்களில் இருக்கின்றார்கள். இவற்றைத் தேடி வாங்கலாம். இப்படி நான் வாங்கிய ஆடு முதல் ஈற்றில் மூன்று குட்டியைத் தாங்கியது.
4. போட்ட குட்டிகளைக் காக்கவும், வளர்ப்போருக்குச் சிறிது பால் கொடுக்கவும் ஏற்றதாக, நன்கு பால் வழங்கும் திறனுடைய பெட்டையாடாக இருக்க வேண்டும். நன்கு திரண்ட வளர்ச்சியடைந்த மடியுள்ள ஆடுகளைத் தேர்வு செய்ய வேண்டும். மடியில் பாதிப்புள்ளதா என்பதை நன்கு ஆய்வு செய்து வாங்க வேண்டும்.
5. மிருதுவான, பளபளப்பான தோல் கொண்ட ஆடுகளைத் தேர்வு செய்ய வேண்டும். இது ஆட்டின் உடல் நலத்தைக் காட்டும்.
6. சுறுசுறுப்புடன் அகன்ற ஒளியுடன் கூடிய கண்களை உடைய ஆடுகள் தேர்வு செய்யப்பட வேண்டும். இதுவும் ஆட்டின் நலத்தைக் காட்டுவதே.
7. முதுகுப் புறமும், பின் பகுதியும், அகன்று விரிந்து இருக்கும் ஆடுகள் சிறந்தவை. அகன்ற முதுகுப் புறமும் விலா எலும்பும் அதிக தீவனத்தை எடுக்கும் தன்மையையும், அகன்ற பின்புறம் சிறந்த இனப் பெருக்கக் குணத்தையும் காட்டுவனவாகும்.

புதிதாக வாங்கிய வெள்ளாடுகளை உடனடியாக மற்ற ஆடுகளுடன் சேர்க்கக் கூடாது. ஆடுகளை ஒதுக்கி வைத்து, அப்பகுதியில் உள்ள தொற்று நோய்களுக்கு எதிராகத் தடுப்பூசி போட வேண்டும். இத்துடன் உடலில் உள்ள உண்ணி, பேன், தெள்ளுப் பூச்சிகளை ஒழிக்க மருந்து தெளிக்க வேண்டும். பிறகு, குடற்புழு நீக்கம் செய்ய வேண்டும். இவையாவும் முடிந்த பின்பே பண்ணையிலுள்ள மற்ற ஆடுகளுடன் சேர்க்க வேண்டும்.

வெள்ளாடு வளர்ப்பு முறைகள் குறித்து எழுதுமுன் வெள்ளாடுகளின் குணநலன்கள், பழக்க வழக்கங்கள் பற்றித் தெரிந்து கொள்ளுவது நல்லது.

1. வெள்ளாடுகளுக்கு, அசைகின்ற வலுவான மேலுதடும், திறனுள்ள நாக்கும் உள்ளதால், முட்செடி, சுள்ளி, மரங்களின் பட்டைகள் ஆகியவற்றைக் கடித்துத் தின்ன முடியும்.
2. வெள்ளாடுகள் செடி, கொடிகளைக் கொய்து தின்னும் குணமுடையன. இவை செம்மறி ஆடுகளைப் போன்று குனிற்து புற்களை மேயுத் தன்மையுடையதல்ல.
3. செம்மறி ஆடுகளைப் போல், வெள்ளாடுகள் சேர்த்து மேயா. தனித்தனியாகப் பிரித்து சென்று மேயும். அருகிலுள்ள தன்னைச் சேர்ந்த வெள்ளாடுகளைக் கண்ணால் பார்க்காமல், மூக்கால் மோந்து கண்டு கொள்ளும்.
4. செம்மறி ஆடுகளைப் போன்று, வெள்ளாடுகளை ஓட்டிச் செல்ல முடியாது. மாறாக அவற்றை நடத்திச் செல்ல வேண்டும்.
5. வெள்ளாடுகள், நெருக்கடியால் சங்கடப்படுவது போலத் தனிமைப் படுத்தினாலும் பாதிக்கபடும். தனியாக ஓர் ஆட்டை வளர்ப்பது சிறந்ததன்று.
6. வெள்ளாடுகளுக்கு மிக மெல்லிய தோல் உள்ளதாலும், தோலுக்கு அடியில் கொழுப்பு இல்லாததாலும், குளிர், மழையை அதிகம் அவை தாங்கா. மழை பெய்ய ஆரம்பித்தால், வெள்ளாடு ஓடி ஒதுக்குப் புறத்தைத் தேடுவதைக் காணலாம். மேலும் வெள்ளாடுகள் வெப்ப நாடுகளில் நன்கு செழித்து வளரும்.
7. செம்மறி ஆடுகளுக்கு அதன் கூட்டமே அதற்குப் பாதுகாப்பு எதிரியைக் கண்டால் கத்தாமல் நின்று விடும். வெள்ளாடு, அங்கும் இங்கும் ஓடிக் கத்தி ஓலமிடும்.

தொகுப்பு  : A R தியாகரஜன், கால்நடை மருத்துவர், சுவாமிநாதன் ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம்,  புதுச்சேரி

ஆடுகளை தேர்வு செய்தல்

ஆடுகளை நாம் கறிக்காக வளர்ப்பதால் நல்ல ஆரோக்கியமான வளமான ஆடுகளையே வாங்கி வளர்க்க வேண்டும். அந்தந்த மாவட்டத்திற்கு ஏற்ற ஆடுகளை வாங்கி வளர்க்கலாம். சினை ஆடுகளாக வாங்கினால் நாம் வாங்கியவுடன் அவற்றிலிருந்து குட்டிகளை பெறலாம். பெட்டை ஆடுகளை வாங்கும் பொழுது அவை 1 வருடம் நிரம்பியவைகளாக வாங்க வேண்டும். இளம் குட்டிகளாக வாங்கும் பொழுது 3 மாதத்திற்கு மேலான வளமான குட்டிகளை வாங்கி வளர்க்கலாம். 20 பெட்டை ஆடுகளுக்கு 1 கிடா என்ற விகிதத்தில் ஆடுகளை வளர்க்க வேண்டும். கிடாக்கள் திடகாத்திரமாகவும், பெட்டை ஆடுகளை சினைப்படுத்தக் கூடியதாகவும் இருக்க வேண்டும். பண்ணையில் கிடா ஆடுகள்தான் முக்கியமானதாகும்.

தீவனம் : ஆடுகளை மேய்ச்சலுக்கு மட்டுமே அனுப்பி வளர்த்து வருகிறோம். மழைக்காலங்களில் மட்டும் புற்கள் அதிகம் இருப்பதால் மற்ற காலங்களில் ஆடுகள் வளமாக இருக்காது. எனவே ஆடு வளர்ப்போர் தேவையான தீவனப்புற்கள் மற்றும் வேலி மசால் போன்ற தீவனப்பயிர்களை வளர்த்து ஆடுகளுக்கு கொடுக்கலாம். ஆடுகளை தினமும் ஒரே இடத்தில் மேய்க்காமல் வேறு வேறு இடங்களில் மேய்க்க வேண்டும். கோடைகாலங்களில் சுமார் 10 மணிநேரங்களாவது மேய்க்க வேண்டும். மேலும் அவைகளுக்கு அடர்தீவனமும் கொடுக்கப்பட வேண்டும். வெள்ளாடுகள் கசப்பு, இனிப்பு, உப்பு, புளிப்பு போன்ற சுவைகளை அறியும் திறன் பெற்றவை. தீவனம் சுத்தமாகவும், புதியதாகவும் இருப்பதை விரும்பும். விதவிதமான மர இலைகள், செடிகள், மற்றும் பயறு வகை பசுந்தீவனங்களை உண்ணும். ஆடுகளுக்கு பசுந்தீவனங்கள் (புற்கள் மற்றும் மரத்தழைகள்) கண்டிப்பாக கொடுக்க வேண்டும். அதாவது கோ-1, கோ-3, கினியா புற்களை கொடுக்கலாம். மேலும் மரதழைகளான வேலிமசால், சூபாபுல், அகத்தி, கிளரிசிடியா, கொடுக்காபுளி, வேப்பமரஇலை, ஆலமரம், கருவேலமரம், பூவரசு, காட்டுவாகை, பலாமரம் இலை முதலியவைகளை கொடுக்கலாம். அடர்தீவனமும் ஆடுகளுக்கு கொடுக்க வேண்டும்.

அதாவது குட்டிகளுக்கு 50 கிராம், வளரும் ஆடுகளுக்கு 100 கிராம், பெரிய ஆடுகளுக்கு 200 கிராம் என்ற அளவில் தினமும் கொடுக்க வேண்டும். குட்டிகள் பிறந்த 20 நாட்களுக்கு பிறகு சிறிது சிறிதாக புற்களை கடிக்க ஆரம்பிக்கும். பின்னர் அடர்தீவனத்துடன் பயிறு வகைப் புற்கள் அதாவது ஸ்டைலோ, வேலிமசால் போன்றவற்றை தீவனமாகக் கொடுத்து பழக்கப்படுத்த வேண்டும்.

தலச்சேரி ஆடுகள் எங்கே கிடைக்கும்?

(சகாதேவனம், திருவாச்சியூர், ஆத்தூர், சேலம்)
கேரளாவில் உள்ள தலச்சேரி என்னும் இடத்தில் இந்த இன ஆடுகள் கிடைக்கும் மற்றும் சென்னையில் உள்ள காட்டான் குளத்து¡ர் கால்நடை பண்ணையில் கிடைக்கும்.
முகவரி – கிருஷி விக்யான் கேந்திர (KVK), காட்டுப்பாக்கம் – 603 203, காஞ்சிபுரம் மாவட்டம், தொலைபேசி எண்: 044-27452371

பதில்  : A R தியாகரஜன், கால்நடை மருத்துவர், சுவாமிநாதன் ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம்,  புதுச்சேரி

How to prepare your car for a road trip

A long trip is a serious exam for your car. Even a small problem such as a worn wiper, out-of-balance tire or improper alignment may turn your trip into a nightmare. Here, you can find simple tips on how to prepare your vehicle for a trip including illustrated checklist. However, this checklist does not include many other important items such as brakes and suspension components that may only be inspected by a mechanic in a garage. Book an appointment with your dealer or a mechanic well before your trip. Ask for one of those maintenance packages with an oil change, tire rotation and mechanical inspection. Don`t leave it for a last moment, do it few days before your trip.

• Check owner`s manual
• Engine oil
• Transmission fluid
• Engine coolant
• Battery
• Other items
• Tires
• Steering and suspension components
• CV-boots
• Lights and mirrors
• Spare tire, wheel wrench and the jack
• What worth to take in a long trip

Check your car Owner`s Manual

Have a look in your vehicle`s owner`s manual - It`s the best source of useful information. From how to use overdrive when towing a trailer to how to change the tire and where is the jack located - it`s all in there. Also you may find out the proper tire pressure and how to change a headlight bulb, where is the transmission dipstick located, and a lot more.

Check the Engine Oil

Many engine problems are initially caused by simply lack of oil changes. If your next oil change is due soon, definitely do it before a trip.

To check the engine oil, place the car on a flat surface, warm up and stop the engine. Wait for a minute allowing the oil to pour down the oil pan. Locate the oil dipstick - usually it has some kind of bright color handle that indicates "ENGINE OIL". Pull the dipstick out, wipe it with a clean rug or a paper towel and insert it back fully. Pull it out again and check the level - it should be close to the "FULL" mark on the dipstick. If the oil appears too black - it definitely needs to be changed. If the level is low you can top it up using the same type of oil as you already have in the engine.

Automatic Transmission fluid

Long trip with a full load will be another exam for your automatic transmission. If your transmission fluid change due soon change it before a trip.

How to check the transmission fluid: Warm up the car. Place the car on a level surface. Set the hand brake. With the shifter lever in Parking position and the engine idling [the procedure may vary on certain models, refer to the owner`s manual] pull the automatic transmission fluid dipstick, wipe it and insert it back fully. Pull it again and check the fluid level and condition. Conventional transmission fluid has red or pinkish-red color when it`s new. Over the time under high temperature and load the transmission fluid loses its qualities and oxidizes becoming more brownish. If it appears too dark it`s better to change it, especially if you going to tow a trailer. If the trailer is very heavy, consider installing additional transmission fluid cooler.

Engine antifreeze (coolant)

Check the engine antifreeze (coolant) level in the overflow tank - it`s visible from outside. The level should be between "Min" and "Max" marks. (Don`t open the radiator cap when the engine is hot!) If the antifreeze level is well below the minimum, look for possible leaks. Any leaks should be fixed before a trip - lack of coolant on the road may cause engine to overheat which may cause serious damage. If it`s lower just a bit, you can simply top it up using recommended for your car type of antifreeze mixed 50/50 with water.

Battery

Unfortunately, there is no way to tell when the battery will die - sometimes it happens unexpectedly with no prior signs. However, if you feel that cranking speed is slower than before, the battery is probably close to its end. Usually the new battery may last from 2 to 5 years so if your battery is 4 - 5 years old I`d just replace it before going to a trip. Check the battery condition visually. If you see any acid leaks, cracks or any other damage - replace the battery. Make sure the battery terminals are tight and not corroded. Corroded terminals will cause many troubles.

Other items to check under the hood

Look at the drive (serpentine) belt (in the picture), if it appears cracked or glazed, or has any other damage - replace it before a trip. Check the brake fluid, power steering fluid and make sure to top up the windshield washer reservoir with all-season windshield washer fluid. If you don`t remember when last time you changed the air filter, change it now. Dirty air filter will cause lack of power and excessive fuel consumption. Look for anything irregular - leaks, loose clamps, kinked hoses, etc.

Check the tires

Check the tire pressure. Recommended pressure is indicated on the manufacturer`s label, which usually located in the driver`s door opening or in the glove box. Some German cars have this label in the backside of gas tank lid. You also can find it in the owner`s manual. If you feel vibration at cruising speed - have your tires balanced. There is a safe limit of the tread wear. If the tire is worn below this limit, it`s unsafe to drive. Refer to the result of mechanical inspection. Uneven tire wear indicates alignment problem.

Suspension and steering components

A steering and suspension of your car is something that you need to rely on in a long trip. Unfortunately, it only can be properly inspected in a repair shop. Here are just a few signs of possible problem: Having any vibration, irregular noise, knocking while driving over bumps? - Have your car inspected; there is definitely some problem.

Look inside the wheel arch (look at the picture)- do all four struts (shock absorbers) appears dry? If any of them leaks oil - it should be replaced before a trip. Once it will be short on oil, the car will start bouncing like a boat and any road roughness can throw the car out of the road.

Does the car "wander" from side to side at highway speed? The steering wheel is out of center? Does the car pull aside? - Check the wheel alignment. Improper wheel alignment may easily cause a car to skid at a high speed.

CV joint boots

All front wheel drive and many of four-wheel drive vehicles have CV joints (Constant Velocity joint) used to transfer the torque to the front wheels. The CV joint is greased inside and sealed by a rubber boot that unfortunately tends to break sometimes. Once it breaks, the grease comes out and the whole CV joint may become inoperative in a short period of time due to lack of lubrication. CV joint located on the internal side of each of the front wheels. You can check CV joint boots visually looking inside the front wheel arch from the front of the car with the wheel turned outside. The boot should be dry. If it`s broken, you will see grease splashed all over the area. If the boot does broken, it needs to be replaced before a trip.

Lights and other electrical equipment

Check the horn, wipers and all the lights. A couple of spare bulbs (one for the headlight, one for the back) may be helpful. Replace the wipers if they don`t clean the windshield perfectly. If you still have original wipers installed you may just replace wiper rubber refills which cost just a few bucks and may be purchased from a dealer. Check the windshield washer operation. Make sure your heater / air conditioner works properly. Have a broken or cracked rear view mirror? - Fix it before a trip.

Spare tire, wheel wrench and the jack

Check the spare tire pressure. If it`s full-size (the same size as the others tires) spare, the pressure should be the same as in the other tires. If it`s a small temporary use tire, the proper pressure is indicated on the sidewall of the tire; usually it`s 50 - 60 psi. Check the owner`s manual for exact data. If your car has a spare tire secured underneath make sure it can be easily removed - the mechanism may be rusted through. Check if the jack is still operable. If you have wheel locks installed, make sure you have the key and the wrench to open the wheel nuts.

Basic emergency kit for your car

A basic emergency kit for your car can include:

- Jumper wires
- Tire sealer-inflator can
- Tire gauge
- Couple of rags and work glows
- Flashlight
- Simple tool kit with screwdrivers, pliers and set of most common sockets.
Consider also spare headlight bulb and a couple of fuses, a bottle of engine oil, windshield washer fluid and antifreeze, emergency stop sign or flares, duct tape, electrical tape, spare ignition key etc.

Don`t forget your personal emergency kit with First Aid kit and items like a blanket, a bottle of water, couple of energy bars, etc.

odesk Office Skills Test 2012 EARN MONEY

Question1:
What does 'Class A office space' commonly refer to?


a. Office space on former sites of class A drug offenses.
b. The lowest quality office buildings in a given area.
c. The highest quality office space available in a given area.
d. The highest quality office space for the least price.

the answers is: b. The lowest quality office buildings in a given area.

Question2:
Traditionally, approximately how many pages should a business CV or resume have?


a. 1-3, preferably 2
b. 1-5, but usually 2-3
c. Just 1
d. Exactly 2 and a half, and never more or less
e. All of the above

the answers is: d. Exactly 2 and a half, and never more or less

Question3:
What is the normal length of notice period for quitting job in most professional offices?


a. Either 2 weeks or 1 month
b. 2-3 months
c. 1 week
d. Up to 3 months, or longer
e. None of the above

the answers is: e. None of the above

Question4:
What is the most frequently used typeface and point size when creating Word documents?


a. Times New Roman, 12 point
b. Times, 14 point
c. Courier New, 12 point
d. Courier New, 14 point
e. All of the above

the answers is: e. All of the above

Question5:
What does 'the bottom line' commonly refer to in an office environment?


a. The line that appears at the bottom of a paper with the company letterhead.
b. The lowest office floor in a building.
c. The same as the dotted line.
d. The basic controlling factor, notably the financial cost, regarding whether a task or project can be accomplished or not.

the answers is: d. The basic controlling factor, notably the financial cost, regarding whether a task or project can be accomplished or not.

Question6:
Which of the following are not recommended when trying to improve working with others in an office environment


a. Talking when others are talking, and listening only occasionally.
b. Being as consciously helpful as possible, and offering practical solutions.
c. Changing the printer ink or cartridge when it runs out.
d. None of the above

the answers is: b. Being as consciously helpful as possible, and offering practical solutions.

Question7:
What is the difference between Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel?


a. Access is mainly for spreadsheets and Excel is for databases
b. Access is mainly for databases and Excel is for spreadsheets
c. Access is mainly for databases and Excel is for word processsing
d. Access is mainly for word processing and Excel is for spreadsheets, including digitial photograph editing

the answers is: c. Access is mainly for databases and Excel is for word processsing

Question8:
What two kinds of printers are commonly in use in most office environments?


a. Industrial and private
b. Hewlett Packard and Brother
c. Laser and ink-jet
d. Black-and-white and color
e. None of the above

the answers is: a. Industrial and private

Question9:
What information would the petty cash register contain?


a. Details of expenses on account of the administrative staff.
b. Details of small expenses related to the running of the office.
c. Details of expenses on account of electricity and water bills.
d. Details of expenses worth less than $80.

the answers is: c. Details of expenses on account of electricity and water bills.

Question10:
What is 'outsourcing'?


a. Working outside the office, often from home.
b. Freelancing work to workers outside the main office building, often to foreign workers for cheaper labor costs.
c. A form of half working from home, half at the office.
d. Leaving work early.

the answers is: d. Leaving work early.

Question11:
What are the dimensions of an A4 size sheet of paper?


a. 216 mm x 279 mm
b. 220 mm x 310 mm
c. 215 mm x 295 mm
d. 210 mm x 297 mm
e. a and d

the answers is: c. 215 mm x 295 mm

Question12:
What is the appropriate response to discovering the printer is out of ink?


a. Force the printer to deliver the last drop of ink by turning it upside down, holding it carefully.
b. Walk away and tell a fellow office worker, hoping he or she will take responsibility.
c. Leave it to the next person.
d. Replace the ink if the cartridge is available otherwise follow the office procedure for replacing or ordering the cartridges.

the answers is: b. Walk away and tell a fellow office worker, hoping he or she will take responsibility.

Question13:
You realize that the computer in your office is getting a lot of spam and unwanted e-mails. What should be your first action to stop these emails?


a. E-mail the Regulatory Authority in charge of stopping spam in order to complain.
b. E-mail the source of the emails asking them to stop them.
c. Call over a computer expert to solve the problem.
d. Look for a Remove From Mailing List link in the email.

the answers is: b. E-mail the source of the emails asking them to stop them.

Question14:
Which of the following are proven methods of improving your office skills?


a. Smiling and being appreciative of others, especially the clients.
b. Actively listening to, even humoring people at times.
c. Looking to resolve conflicts and bringing people together.
d. Conveying what is expected in return as an appropriate response, and avoiding ambiguity.
e. All of the above

the answers is: e. All of the above

Question15:
What does the CTRL+V shortcut accomplish in Word 2007?


a. It makes the selected text appear in bold.
b. It pastes the text that has already been copied.
c. It converts the selected text into the next larger size of the same font.
d. It applies italic formatting to the selected text.
e. All of the above

the answers is: c. It converts the selected text into the next larger size of the same font.

Question16:
You send a package through FEDEX to a client in Korea. The client calls up after a few days and says that he has not received it. What is the best way to immediately let the client know the status of the courier?


a. Give the client the airway bill number and ask him to call up FEDEX about the status of the courier.
b. Give the client the local number of FEDEX in Korea.
c. Call FEDEX and ask them to speak directly to the customer.
d. Track the packet on the FEDEX website and send the client a copy of the current status of the packet.

the answers is: d. Track the packet on the FEDEX website and send the client a copy of the current status of the packet.

Question17:
Your computer is not printing and a technician is not available, so you perform the following activities to investigate the problem. In which order should you take these up?

1 See if the printer cartridge is finished
2 See if the printer is switched on
3 Try to print a test page using the printer self-test
4 Try to print a test page from Windows
5 See if the printer is properly attached to the computer


a. 5,4,3,2,1
b. 3,2,1,4,5
c. 3,5,4,1,2
d. 2,3,1,5,4
e. 3,1,5,2,4

the answers is: c. 3,5,4,1,2

Question18:
You are required to create a cost report for your department, and then present the report to the board. Which two programs would you use for these two tasks?


a. MS Powerpoint, MS Access
b. Adobe Photoshop, MS Powerpoint
c. MS Word, MS Excel
d. MS Excel, MS Word
e. MS Excel, MS PowerPoint

the answers is: c. MS Word, MS Excel

Question19:
What is very important to remember to do when entering an office business meeting at any level, especially when clients are there?


a. Bow slightly before your superiors or company executives.
b. Take the coats from clients and drape them over your arm during the meeting.
c. Turn off all cell phones, pagers and other electronic devices.
d. Turn on all cell phones, pagers and other electronic devices.
e. a and c

the answers is: b. Take the coats from clients and drape them over your arm during the meeting.

Question20:
According to standard filing conventions, in which order will the following three documents be filed?

Dr. Jones's office, Doctor at sea, Doctor come quickly


a. Dr. Jones's office, Doctor at sea, Doctor come quickly
b. Doctor at sea, Doctor come quickly, Dr. Jones's office
c. Doctor come quickly, Dr. Jones's office, Doctor at sea
d. Dr. Jones's office, Doctor come quickly, Doctor at sea

the answers is: b. Doctor at sea, Doctor come quickly, Dr. Jones's office

Question21:
When a client visits the office and arrives early, what does office etiquette require you to do to handle the situation?


a. If you are free, allow the meeting to start early.
b. Take their coat, offer them something to drink, and tell them you won't be a moment.
c. Try and meet them as soon as possible.
d. All of the above.

the answers is: d. All of the above.

Question22:
You work in a company where some of your co-workers are recent foreign immigrants. They are unfamiliar with the work environment and your supervisor is polite to everybody in the staff but is often rude to these foreign workers. What will you do in this situation?


a. You talk to the foreign workers and tell them that they should complain to the Upper Management.
b. You tell your supervisor that his misbehavior is inappropriate.
c. Nothing, you prefer to keep quiet because everybody else is quiet.
d. You complain to the Upper Management.

the answers is: a. You talk to the foreign workers and tell them that they should complain to the Upper Management.

Question23:
What are the traditional office hours in the Western world, now much more flexible, though still adhered to in most offices?


a. 9 AM — 5 PM
b. 6 AM — 6 PM
c. 8 AM — 7 PM
d. 10 AM — 8 PM
e. None of the above

the answers is: e. None of the above

Question24:
What does the 'glass ceiling' refer to in a business context?


a. The internal ceiling above the boardroom, whether it is on the top floor or not.
b. The roof of the company building, frequently constructed from glass to optimize the company's public status for the surrounding area.
c. The upper level of senior management or company executive positions which is traditionally hard to break through, for example, for women and/or minorities.
d. The imaginary level above the CEO at which the company profits skyrocket.

the answers is: c. The upper level of senior management or company executive positions which is traditionally hard to break through, for example, for women and/or minorities.

Question25:
Consider the following sentence:

'There are 20 new PC's in the accounts department.'

Should there be an apostrophe in PC's?


a. No
b. Yes
c. Not sure
d. No idea
e. None of the above

the answers is: c. Not sure

Question26:
What is a 'golden handshake'?


a. The welcome to the building of a new CEO.
b. The last day in the office before the holidays.
c. The common usage for a generous employment severance package when an executive loses his or her job through restructuring, redundancy or a scheduled retirement.
d. The common usage for a series of re-hirings of past employees.
e. c and d

the answers is: d. The common usage for a series of re-hirings of past employees.

Question27:
What is the best practice for ensuring that sensitive material to be destroyed does not leak out of the company building?


a. Always encrypt on computer disk, and shred any hard copies.
b. Shred hard copies, save onto the file.
c. Burn hard copies, save only once to the file.
d. E-mail documents to colleagues, and then close the e-mail browser.

the answers is: b. Shred hard copies, save onto the file.

Question28:
What is the benefit of e-mailing documents rather than always providing hard copies to individuals?


a. There is no benefit except that people can delete them more easily.
b. The documents can potentially be edited online and re-circulated.
c. The documents can be electronically forwarded, which saves stationery that may otherwise be used.
d. b and c

the answers is: d. b and c

Question29:
What is 'flexi-time'?


a. The feeling when time slows down or speeds up at certain times of the day in an office environment.
b. The flexible use of personal office hours, such as working an hour earlier one day, in order to leave an hour earlier another day.
c. Occasionally moving the hands on the office clock so everyone can go home early now and then.
d. Bringing an alarm clock to work that rings at the end of the day and at lunchtimes.

the answers is: c. Occasionally moving the hands on the office clock so everyone can go home early now and then.

Question:
With regard to emails, when is bcc: used?


a. When you want to send the same mail to several people and do not want the To: and cc: recipients of the mail to know the bcc: recipients of the same mail.
b. When you want to send the same mail to several people and do not want the bcc: recipients of the mail to know who else the mail was sent to.
c. When you want to send the same mail to several people and want to receive acknowledgments from each recipient.
d. When you want to send the same mail to several people, but the mail does not support attachments.

the answers is: b. When you want to send the same mail to several people and do not want the bcc: recipients of the mail to know who else the mail was sent to.

Question31:
What is the best way to handle an angry colleague or client with a complaint?


a. Listen to their concerns, and calmly but firmly explain what you are able to do, offering other solutions and options, without getting angry in turn.
b. Show a little anger as a way of evening out the situation.
c. Shout back, and then, later in the day, find a place to sulk, or time to complain to your own boss.
d. Listen to their concerns, politely explain what you are able to do, and if they insist, shout back your own concerns and complaints.

the answers is: c. Shout back, and then, later in the day, find a place to sulk, or time to complain to your own boss.

Question32:
What is a 'mouse potato'(a comic phrase in an office environment)?


a. The equivalent of a couch potato, but in terms of using a computer — i.e. someone who spends all their time at a computer.
b. A virus or other harmful computer bug, such as a 'trojan horse'.
c. An office ornament that workers place on their desks to keep them motivated during office hours.
d. b and c
the answers is: d. b and c


Question33:
What is the person in charge of administering an office commonly called?


a. Office Assistant
b. Full-time Manager
c. Office Manager
d. CEO
e. None of the above

the answers is: c. Office Manager

Question34:
When replying to an e-mail, who do you place in the cc: line and who in the bcc: line?


a. A person you wish to openly inform goes in the cc: line, and the same person in the bcc: line.
b. A person you wish to openly inform goes in the bcc: line, and the same person in the cc: line.
c. A person you wish to openly inform goes in the cc: line, and the person you wish to read the e-mail, but without the knowledge of either the recipient or the person in the cc: line, goes in the bcc: line.
d. A person you wish to openly inform goes in the cc: line, and the person you wish to read the e-mail without the knowledge of the recipient, but with the knowledge of the person in the cc: line, goes in the bcc: line.

the answers is: a. A person you wish to openly inform goes in the cc: line, and the same person in the bcc: line.

Question35:
Which of the following are commonly used computer web browsers?


a. Mozilla, Guardian Website, The Times of London, MSN
b. Expedia, Opodo, Student Universe, Godzilla
c. Chrome, Explorer, Firefox
d. Google, MSN, Yahoo, Ask

the answers is: d. Google, MSN, Yahoo, Ask

Question36:
What is 'commodity value,' an important business term of relevance to most office environments?


a. The value of all the office hardware, including computers and furniture.
b. An economics term meaning the intrinsic value under optimal, often free market conditions, of the product the company sells or manufactures.
c. The value of common decency between employees of a given office.
d. The cost in petty cash of all company expense dinners in a given month.

the answers is:

Question37:
Which of the following file formats relate to a graphic file or scanned image file?


a. JPEG
b. VBP
c. HTML
d. GIF
e. a and d

the answers is: a. JPEG

Question38:
What does the abbreviation CEO stand for?


a. Company Executive Officer
b. Communicate Especially On
c. Corporate Exact Office
d. Cheat Every One
e. Chief Executive Officer

the answers is: c. Corporate Exact Office

Question39:
Which of the following are the most important components of good interpersonal office skills?


a. Effectively translating and conveying information.
b. Being able to accurately interpret other people's emotions.
c. Calmly arriving at resolutions to conflict.
d. Avoiding gossip and being polite.
e. All of the above

the answers is: e. All of the above

Question40:
When you are introducing a woman and are unsure of her marital status, which title should you use?


a. Ms.
b. Miss
c. Mrs.
d. Madam
e. None of the above

the answers is: c. Mrs.

Source

1) Dr. Jones’s office, Doctor at sea, Doctor come quickly
Ans: c
2) Which of the following are considered bad manners while greeting a business visitor to your office
Ans: e) all of the above

3) which of the following file formats relate to a graphic file or scannedimage file?
Ans: e) a and d

4) What are the dimensions of an A4 size sheet of paper
Ans: d) 210 mm x 297 mm

5) Traditionally, approximately how many pages should a business CV or resume have?
Ans: a) 1-3, preferably 2

6) Which of the following are commonly used computer web browser
Ans: c) Chrome, Explorer, Firefox,

7) When reply to an e-mail, who do you place in the cc: and who in the bcc:line?
Ans: c) A person you wish to openly inform goes in the cc: line,
and the personyou wish to read the e-mail, but without knowledge
of either the recipient or the person in the cc: line, goes in the bcc: line.

8) What is very important to remember to do when entering an office business meeting
at any level, especially when clients are there?
Ans: e) a and c

9) There are 20 new PC’s in the account department. Should there be anapostrophe in PC’s?
Ans: a) No

10) What does the abbreviation CEO stand for
Ans: e) Chief Executive Officer

11) When a client visits the office and arrives early what do office etiquette require you to
do to handle the situation?
Ans: d) All of the above.
12) What does the CTRL+V shortcut accomplish in Word 2000?
Ans: b) it pastes the text that

13) You send a package through FEDEX to a client in Korea. The client calls up after a few days and
says that he has not received it. What is the best way to immediately let the client know the status of a courier?
Ans: d) Track the packet on the FEDEX website and send the client a copy of thecurrent status of packet.

14) What is flexi-time
Ans: b) The flexible use of personal office hours, such as working an hour earlier one day,
in order to leave an hour earlier another day

15) What does the glass ceiling refer to in a business context?
Ans: c) The upper level of senior management or company execution positions
which is traditionally hard to break through, for example, for women and/or minorities.

16) What is the best way to handle an angry colleague or client with acomplaint?
Ans: a) listen to their concerns, and calmly but firmly explain what you are able todo,
offering other solutions and oppositions without getting angry in turn.

17) What are the traditional office hours in the Western world, now muchmore flexible, though still adhered to in most office?
Ans: a) 9 a.m. – 5 p.m.

18) What common injury can result from too much concentration typingover too little amount of time?
Ans: d) Repetitive strain injury

19) What does administration generally handle in an office environment?
Ans: c) The efficient day-to-day running of the office, with regards to companyfiles, communication, management of jobs such as overseeing hiring andfiring and human resources, etc.

20) What is the benefit of e-mailing documents rather than always providinghard copies to individuals?
Ans: d) b and c

21) What is the difference between Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel?
Ans: b) Access is mainly for database and Excel is for spreadsheets

22) What is the person in charge of administering an office commonly called?
Ans: d) CEO

23) Which of the following activities could possibly infect your computer with virus?
Ans: a) Installing pirate software from a CD


oDesk Office Skill Test Answer
oDesk Office Skill

01. Question: You send a package through FEDEX to a client in Korea. The client calls up after a few days and says that he has not received it. What is the best way to immediately let the client know the status of the courier?
Answer: Track the packet on the FEDEX website and send the copy of the current status of the packet.

02. Question: What is 'flexi-time'?
Answer: The flexible use of personal office hours, such as working an hour earlier one day, in order to leave an hour earlier another day.

03. Question: What does the 'glass ceiling' refer to in a business context?
Answer: The upper level of senior management or company executive positions which is traditionally hard to break through, for example, for women and/or minorities.

04. Question: What is the best way to handle an angry colleague or client with a complaint?
Answer: Listen to their concerns, and calmly but firmly explain what you are able to do, offering other solutions and options, without getting angry in turn.

05. Question: What are the traditional office hours in the Western world, now much more flexible, though still adhered to in most offices?
Answer: 9 AM - 5 PM

06. Question: What common injury can result from too much concentrated typing over too little amount of time?
Answer: Repetitive strain injury

07. Question: What does administration generally handle in an office environment?
Answer: The efficient day-to-day running of the office, with regard to company files, communication, management of jobs such as overseeing hiring and firing and human resources, etc.

08. Question: What is the benefit of e-mailing documents rather than always providing hard copies to individuals?
Answer: b and c

09. Question: What is the difference between Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel?
Answer: Access is mainly for databases and Excel is for spreadsheets

10. Question: What is the person in charge of administering an office commonly called?
Answer: CEO

11. Question: Which of the following activities could possibly infet your computer with a virus?
Answer: Installing pirated Software from a CD

12. Question: Which of the following are considered bad manners while greeting a business visitor to your office?
Answer: All of the above

13. Question: Which of the following file formats relate to a graphic file or scanned image file?
Answer: a and d

14. Question: What are the dimensions of an A4 size sheet of paper?
Answer: 210 mm x 297 mm

15. Question: Traditionally, approximately how many pages should a business CV or resume have?
Answer: 1-3, preferably 2

16. Question: Which of the following are commonly used computer web browsers?
Answer: Chrome, Explorer, Firefox

17. Question: When replying to an e-mail, who do you place in the cc: line and who in the bcc: line?
Answer: A person you wish to openly inform goes in the cc: line, and the person you wish to read the e-mail, but without the knowledge of either the recipient or the person in the cc: line, goes in the bcc: line.

18. Question: What is very important to remember to do when entering an office business meeting at any level, especially when clients are there?
Answer: a and c

19. Question: Consider the following sentence:
'There are 20 new PC's in the accounts department.'
Should there be an apostrophe in PC's?
Answer: No

20. Question: What does the abbreviation CEO stand for?
Answer: Chief Executive Officer

21. Question: When a client visits the office and arrives early, what does office etiquette you to do handle the situation?
Answer: All of the above.

22. Question: What does the CTRL+V shortcut accomplish in Word 2000?
Answer: It pastes the text that has already been copied.